Why AI Courses Are Essential for Future-Ready Careers
Artificial intelligence is no longer an emerging technology sitting on the sidelines of business strategy. It is embedded in how American companies hire, build products, and compete. For students and professionals alike, this shift changes what “future-ready” actually means: it is no longer enough to be good at a job function — you need to be good at that function with AI as a working tool.
The Rising Demand for Artificial Intelligence Skills
Multiple independent labor-market datasets point in the same direction. LinkedIn’s 2026 Jobs on the Rise report ranked AI Engineer as the single fastest-growing job title in the United States, with postings up 143% year-over-year. Across the broader technology sector, AI and machine learning job postings surged 163% between 2024 and 2025, reaching tens of thousands of open roles in the U.S. alone. Employer job-posting data tracked through mid-2026 shows AI skill requirements now appear in around 75% of U.S. tech postings, up from under half just two years earlier. This is not a niche trend confined to Silicon Valley — it is a broad, sustained shift in what employers expect from candidates across data, engineering, marketing, operations, and leadership roles.
Industries Hiring AI Professionals in the USA
AI hiring in the U.S. is no longer concentrated only in “AI-first” companies. The largest waves of adoption are happening in industries applying AI to domain-specific problems:
- Technology and Software — the largest single source of AI roles, spanning AI engineering, MLOps, and applied research
- Financial Services — fraud detection, algorithmic trading, risk modeling, and AI-assisted compliance
- Healthcare — diagnostic imaging, clinical decision support, and administrative automation
- Manufacturing — production-scale automation and predictive maintenance, now moving past early pilots into full deployment
- Consulting and Professional Services — AI strategy, implementation, and change management for enterprise clients
- Retail and Consumer Markets — personalization engines, demand forecasting, and AI-enabled customer experience
Small and midsize U.S. businesses are also a growing source of demand: AI adoption among SMBs has more than tripled in just a few years, creating openings for professionals who can deliver results with lean budgets rather than enterprise-scale infrastructure.
Career Benefits of Artificial Intelligence Training
The financial case for AI training is measurable. Independent analysis from PwC found that roles requiring AI skills now carry a wage premium of roughly 56% over comparable non-AI positions — more than double the premium recorded just a year earlier — and professionals with multiple AI competencies see an even larger gap versus peers with no AI skills. U.S. salary benchmarking places entry-to-senior AI/ML engineering compensation well into six figures, with data science, machine learning, and AI-adjacent data roles among the highest-paid categories in the entire technology sector. Beyond compensation, structured artificial intelligence training gives professionals a credible way to signal readiness for AI-augmented roles that increasingly require judgment and strategic thinking earlier in a career than in the past — a shift labor economists have described as the “seniorisation” of AI-exposed jobs.
Artificial Intelligence Course Overview
Before choosing a program, it helps to understand what a modern artificial intelligence course actually covers, what foundational skills it assumes, and what a learner should walk away able to do.
What You Will Learn in an Artificial Intelligence Course
A well-structured artificial intelligence course takes a learner from core mathematical and programming foundations through to applied, production-relevant AI skills. At a minimum, expect to build competency in:
- Python programming for data manipulation, modeling, and automation
- Statistics and probability as the mathematical backbone of machine learning
- Supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques
- Neural networks and an introduction to deep learning architectures
- Working with real-world, messy datasets rather than clean academic examples
- Model evaluation, validation, and responsible deployment practices
The strongest programs pair each concept with a hands-on project, since employers consistently rate applied experience above theoretical knowledge alone when screening candidates for AI roles.
Core AI Concepts and Technologies
Regardless of specialization, a handful of core concepts and technologies recur across nearly every serious AI course:
- Machine Learning (ML): algorithms that learn patterns from data rather than following hard-coded rules
- Deep Learning: multi-layer neural networks used for vision, language, and complex pattern recognition
- Natural Language Processing (NLP): techniques for understanding and generating human language
- Computer Vision: models that interpret images and video
- Generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs): the technology behind tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude, now central to most 2026-era curricula
- MLOps: the practices used to deploy, monitor, and maintain AI models in production
Skills Required to Succeed in AI
Most learners do not need an advanced math degree to start, but a realistic on-ramp matters. Helpful starting points include basic programming familiarity (Python is the industry standard), comfort with high-school-level algebra and statistics, and — perhaps most importantly — a habit of working through structured problems methodically. Employers increasingly hire on demonstrated skills rather than credentials alone, which means the ability to build, document, and explain a real project often outweighs a transcript. Curiosity, comfort with ambiguity, and consistent practice matter more in the first six months than raw mathematical talent.
AI Courses Online for Flexible Learning
One of the biggest advantages of studying artificial intelligence today is format flexibility. AI courses online now cover the full spectrum from fully self-paced to fully live, cohort-based instruction, making it realistic to build serious AI skills without pausing a career or relocating.
Self-Paced Artificial Intelligence Online Course Options
A self-paced artificial intelligence online course lets learners set their own schedule, revisit difficult material as many times as needed, and progress at a speed that matches their available time. This format suits professionals with unpredictable schedules, parents balancing family responsibilities, and self-directed learners who prefer to move quickly through material they already understand and slow down where it matters. The trade-off is that self-paced formats require more personal discipline, since there is no fixed class schedule creating external accountability.
Live Artificial Intelligence Classes Online
Live, instructor-led artificial intelligence classes online bring a cohort structure, scheduled sessions, and real-time access to instructors and peers. This format is well suited to learners who benefit from structure, enjoy discussing concepts with classmates, and want the ability to ask questions and get immediate feedback rather than waiting on asynchronous support. Many U.S.-based programs now run live sessions in the evening or on weekends specifically to accommodate working professionals across different time zones.
Learning AI While Working Full-Time
Most adult learners pursuing AI skills in the U.S. are doing so alongside a full-time job. The most successful approach typically combines a small number of fixed weekly study blocks (rather than relying on “whenever I have time”), a project-based learning path that ties new material directly to work you can showcase, and a program format — self-paced, live evening classes, or hybrid — chosen to match your actual calendar rather than an idealized one. Employers are increasingly supportive of this path: many U.S. companies now offer tuition assistance or professional development stipends specifically for AI and data skills, reflecting how central these skills have become to business strategy.
Artificial Intelligence Training Curriculum
A rigorous artificial intelligence training curriculum builds in layers, starting with foundational machine learning and progressing toward the generative AI and language technologies that dominate the current job market.
Machine Learning Fundamentals
Machine learning fundamentals form the base layer of nearly every AI curriculum. Learners typically start with supervised learning (regression and classification), move into unsupervised learning (clustering and dimensionality reduction), and study the core workflow of training, validating, and tuning a model. This stage also introduces the practical realities of working with data: cleaning, feature engineering, and handling imbalanced or incomplete datasets — skills that matter as much in real jobs as the algorithms themselves.
Deep Learning and Neural Networks
Deep learning extends machine learning with multi-layer neural networks capable of modeling far more complex patterns. A solid curriculum covers the structure of neural networks, training via backpropagation, and the major architecture families: convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for images, recurrent and transformer-based architectures for sequences, and the attention mechanisms that underpin modern language models. This is typically where learners begin using frameworks like PyTorch or TensorFlow, both of which appear consistently in U.S. employer job postings for AI roles.
Generative AI and Large Language Models
No 2026-era artificial intelligence training program is complete without a dedicated module on generative AI and large language models. This includes how LLMs are trained and fine-tuned, prompt engineering as a practical skill, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for grounding model outputs in real data, and the emerging discipline of building AI agents that complete multi-step tasks with limited human oversight. Demand for this specific cluster of skills — agentic AI, RAG, and enterprise AI integration — has been among the fastest-growing segments of the entire U.S. tech job market through 2026.
Natural Language Processing and Computer Vision
Natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision remain the two most widely applied branches of AI in commercial products. NLP coursework typically covers text classification, sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, and the language modeling techniques that power chatbots and search systems. Computer vision coursework covers image classification, object detection, and segmentation — technology used across healthcare imaging, autonomous systems, retail analytics, and manufacturing quality control.
Artificial Intelligence Certification and AI Certificate Programs
Certification remains one of the fastest, most direct ways to prove artificial intelligence competency to a U.S. employer, particularly for professionals who already hold a degree in an unrelated field.
Benefits of Earning an Artificial Intelligence Certification
An artificial intelligence certification gives hiring managers a fast, credible signal that a candidate has verified, up-to-date skills — something a resume line alone cannot demonstrate. Certifications also tend to be faster and less expensive than a full degree program, making them a practical option for career switchers or professionals validating skills they already use informally. For many U.S. employers, especially in mid-market and enterprise technology roles, a recognized AI certificate combined with a portfolio of real projects is now sufficient to be shortlisted for junior and mid-level AI positions.
Industry-Recognized AI Certificate Programs
The U.S. market includes certificate programs from several credible categories of provider: cloud platform vendors (such as AI and machine learning certifications tied to major cloud platforms), established online learning platforms offering university- and industry-partnered certificates, and professional associations that certify applied competency in data science and machine learning. When evaluating any AI certificate program, look for a transparent curriculum, instructors or content partners with real industry experience, hands-on projects rather than multiple-choice-only assessment, and evidence that the certificate is actually recognized by employers in your target industry — not just by the provider issuing it.
Certification Pathways for AI Professionals
Most professionals benefit from a layered certification pathway rather than a single credential: start with a foundational certificate covering machine learning basics, add a specialization certificate in an area aligned with your target role (such as generative AI, NLP, or MLOps), and, for professionals aiming at senior or leadership roles, pair certifications with a portfolio of deployed projects that demonstrate real-world impact. This layered approach mirrors how the AI job market itself is structured — broad foundational skills first, deep specialization second.
Artificial Intelligence Programs Online for Career Advancement
For professionals further along in their careers, artificial intelligence programs online offer a way to advance without stepping away from work entirely.
Professional Artificial Intelligence Programs Online
Professional-track AI programs online are typically designed for learners who already have a working career and want structured, career-relevant AI skills rather than a full academic degree. These programs tend to run for a few months to a year, combine live and self-paced elements, and are built around case studies and projects drawn from real industry problems rather than purely academic exercises.
Executive and Leadership AI Programs
A distinct category of artificial intelligence programs online targets executives, directors, and senior managers who need to make informed AI strategy decisions without necessarily building models themselves. These programs focus on AI literacy for leadership: understanding what AI can and cannot do reliably, evaluating vendor claims, managing AI risk and governance, and leading organizational change as AI reshapes team structures and workflows. Demand for this leadership-focused AI literacy has grown alongside the broader hiring boom, as U.S. companies increasingly expect senior leaders — not just technical staff — to be fluent in AI’s business implications.
AI Programs for Technical Professionals
Software engineers, data analysts, and other technical professionals often benefit most from programs that assume existing programming competency and go deep quickly into applied machine learning, MLOps, and production-grade AI system design. These programs tend to be more code-intensive and project-heavy than general-audience courses, and are well suited to professionals whose goal is a lateral move into a dedicated AI or ML engineering role.
AI Courses for Beginners
Not every learner is starting from a technical background, and a genuinely good beginner pathway matters as much as advanced content.
Starting Your AI Learning Journey
The most common mistake beginners make is trying to learn everything at once. A realistic starting sequence looks like: basic Python programming, foundational statistics, an introductory machine learning course, and then a first small project applying those skills to a real dataset. This sequence typically takes a motivated beginner three to six months of consistent part-time study before they are ready for more advanced, specialized coursework.
Beginner-Friendly AI Courses Online
Good AI courses for beginners share a few common traits: they assume no prior programming experience, they introduce mathematical concepts intuitively before formalizing them, they include guided projects rather than open-ended assignments, and they provide some form of community or instructor support for when learners get stuck. Beginner courses that skip straight to advanced neural network architecture without this foundation tend to produce high drop-off rates — a genuinely beginner-friendly course should feel challenging but achievable, not overwhelming.
Building Foundational Artificial Intelligence Skills
Foundational skill-building should prioritize breadth before depth: a working understanding of how machine learning models are trained and evaluated, basic data handling and visualization, and enough Python fluency to modify existing code confidently. Learners who build this foundation solidly tend to progress faster through intermediate and advanced material later, because they are not simultaneously learning programming syntax and AI concepts at the same time.
AI Intelligence Course Specializations
Once foundational skills are in place, specialization is what differentiates a generalist from a candidate employers actively seek out for a specific role.
Generative AI and Prompt Engineering
Generative AI and prompt engineering have become one of the fastest-growing specializations in the U.S. AI job market, with demand growth outpacing almost every other AI skill category over the past two years. This specialization covers how to design effective prompts for large language models, techniques for improving output reliability and reducing hallucination, retrieval-augmented generation for grounding responses in real data, and increasingly, the design of AI agents capable of completing multi-step workflows with limited supervision.
Machine Learning and Predictive Analytics
Machine learning and predictive analytics specializations focus on using historical data to forecast outcomes — customer churn, demand, fraud risk, equipment failure, and similar business-critical predictions. This remains one of the largest and most consistently well-paid AI specializations in the U.S. market, particularly in financial services, retail, and manufacturing, where predictive accuracy translates directly into measurable business value.
AI Automation and Business Applications
AI automation and business-applications specializations focus less on building models from scratch and more on integrating existing AI tools and APIs into real business workflows — customer service automation, marketing personalization, document processing, and operational efficiency tools. This specialization is particularly valuable for professionals in non-engineering roles who want to apply AI directly within their existing function rather than pivoting into a dedicated technical role.
Artificial Intelligence Classes Online With Hands-On Projects
Across every specialization, one factor consistently separates strong AI training from weak AI training: the presence of real, hands-on project work.
Real-World AI Case Studies
The strongest artificial intelligence classes online are built around real-world case studies rather than sanitized textbook examples — analyzing genuinely messy datasets, working through ambiguous business requirements, and making the kinds of practical tradeoffs (accuracy versus interpretability, speed versus cost) that data scientists and AI engineers navigate daily on the job. Case studies drawn from healthcare, finance, retail, and manufacturing give learners direct exposure to the industries where U.S. AI hiring is currently strongest.
Capstone Projects and Portfolio Development
A capstone project — a substantial, self-directed piece of applied AI work completed near the end of a program — is one of the single highest-value components of any serious AI course. It gives learners a concrete, demonstrable body of work to show employers, and it forces the kind of end-to-end problem solving (data collection, model building, evaluation, and communication of results) that short exercises rarely require. A strong portfolio built from two or three well-documented capstone-quality projects often does more for a job search than an additional certificate.
Practical Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Beyond formal projects, the most effective learners look for ways to apply AI skills to problems they already understand — automating a task at their current job, analyzing a dataset relevant to their industry, or building a small tool that solves a real personal or professional problem. This kind of applied practice reinforces classroom material far more effectively than passive review, and it often produces the most compelling portfolio pieces because the learner can speak to the real-world context behind the work.
Masters Degree in AI and Advanced Learning Paths
For learners aiming at research roles, senior technical leadership, or fields with formal credentialing requirements, a masters degree in AI remains the most rigorous — and most time-intensive — path available.
Masters Degree in AI vs AI Certification
The choice between a master degree in AI and a shorter certification path comes down to career goals, timeline, and budget. A master’s degree typically offers deeper theoretical grounding, access to faculty research, a recognized academic credential valued in research-oriented and highly regulated industries, and a stronger network effect through alumni and campus (or accredited online) connections. A certification path is faster, less expensive, and often sufficient for applied industry roles that prioritize demonstrated skill over academic credentialing. Many U.S. professionals choose a hybrid approach: certifications first to validate direction and build initial skills, followed by a master’s degree if career goals genuinely require the deeper credential.
Choosing the Right Master Degree in AI
When evaluating a master degree in AI, look closely at faculty research areas and whether they align with your interests, the balance between theoretical coursework and applied project work, whether the program offers a thesis or non-thesis (professional) track, and — for working professionals — whether the program is available in a part-time or online format that fits an existing career. Accreditation and industry partnerships also matter: programs with active industry advisory boards or corporate partnerships tend to produce curricula that stay current with fast-moving AI practice.
Masters Program in Artificial Intelligence Curriculum
A typical masters program in artificial intelligence curriculum builds on undergraduate-level programming and mathematics with graduate coursework in advanced machine learning theory, deep learning architectures, natural language processing, computer vision, AI ethics and governance, and a significant research or applied capstone project. Many programs also include electives allowing specialization in areas like robotics, reinforcement learning, or AI systems engineering.
Artificial Intelligence Masters Program Career Outcomes
Graduates of a strong artificial intelligence masters program typically pursue roles as machine learning engineers, applied research scientists, AI product managers, or senior data scientists — roles that consistently rank among the highest-paid in the U.S. technology sector. The graduate credential is particularly valuable for research-oriented positions at large technology companies, roles requiring formal AI governance or regulatory expertise, and academic or research-lab career paths that a shorter certification cannot substitute for.
Career Opportunities After Completing AI Training
Completing structured AI training — whether a short certificate or a full master’s degree — opens a wide range of career paths across the U.S. job market.
AI Engineer Career Path
AI Engineer has been ranked the fastest-growing job title in the United States, with postings up 143% year-over-year and a large share of hires bringing only a few years of prior experience — making it one of the more accessible entry points into a dedicated AI career. AI engineers design, build, and deploy AI systems in production environments, commonly working with frameworks like PyTorch, orchestration tools like LangChain, and retrieval-augmented generation techniques. U.S. salary data places this role consistently among the highest-paid entry-to-mid-level technology positions.
Machine Learning Engineer Roles
Machine learning engineers focus specifically on building, training, and productionizing ML models at scale — a role distinct from, though closely related to, general AI engineering. This path suits professionals who enjoy the intersection of software engineering rigor and applied data science, and it remains one of the most consistently in-demand technical roles across U.S. financial services, technology, and manufacturing employers.
Data Scientist and AI Consultant Careers
Data scientist roles remain one of the largest and most stable career paths connected to AI training, with U.S. employment in the field projected to keep growing significantly faster than average through the next decade. AI consultants — often working through boutique or major consulting firms — apply the same technical foundation to help organizations design AI strategy, evaluate vendors, and manage implementation, making this path attractive to professionals who enjoy variety across industries and client problems.
Emerging AI Leadership Opportunities
As AI adoption matures, a new category of leadership roles has emerged: Chief AI Officer, AI Governance Lead, and Head of Responsible AI among them. These roles combine technical AI literacy with strategic and ethical judgment, and they are increasingly filled by professionals who combine hands-on AI training with broader business or leadership experience — reinforcing why executive-track artificial intelligence programs online (Section 5) have grown alongside purely technical training options.
How to Choose the Best Artificial Intelligence Course
With so many AI courses online available to U.S. learners, choosing well matters as much as studying hard once enrolled.
Comparing AI Courses Online
When comparing options, evaluate each program against the same criteria: curriculum depth and currency (does it cover generative AI and modern tools, or only pre-2023 machine learning?), format fit for your schedule (self-paced, live, or hybrid), cost relative to the outcomes it credibly supports, and whether the provider publishes real learner outcomes rather than vague marketing claims.
Evaluating Curriculum, Faculty, and Outcomes
Strong programs are transparent about who teaches the material and what practical experience they bring, what learners actually build during the course, and what happens after completion — career support, alumni network, or employer partnerships. Be skeptical of programs that emphasize credential prestige over demonstrable skill-building, since U.S. employers hiring for AI roles increasingly prioritize project portfolios and applied skill assessments over credentials alone.
Selecting the Right Learning Path for Your Goals
The right path depends entirely on where you are starting and where you want to end up. A complete beginner exploring career options should start with a foundational, project-based course. A working professional seeking a role change within twelve months is usually best served by a focused certification plus a strong portfolio. A learner targeting research, senior technical leadership, or academia should plan toward a masters degree in AI. Matching the investment of time and money to the actual career outcome you need is the single highest-leverage decision in this process.
Explore SkillUp Online AI Courses & Programs
Every course referenced throughout this guide is available now through SkillUp Online. The table below maps each program to what it teaches and who it’s built for, so you can go straight from “what should I learn” to “which course do I enroll in.”
| Course / Program | What It Covers |
|---|---|
| IBM Generative AI Engineering Professional Certificate | A career-track certificate teaching Python, LLMs, GPT, BERT, RAG, LangChain, and Hugging Face transformers for building and deploying real generative AI applications. Built for data scientists, ML engineers, and developers moving into generative AI engineering roles. Typically completed in 5–6 months with hands-on labs and an IBM Certificate. |
| IBM Applied AI Professional Certificate | A six-course, instructor-led program covering AI fundamentals, Python, Flask web apps, and IBM Watson AI services, including no-code chatbot creation. Built for beginners, college graduates, and developers starting an AI career, running to a fixed schedule with live sessions and mentoring. |
| Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals Course | A no-coding introduction to machine learning, neural networks, generative AI, LLMs, NLP, computer vision, and AI ethics and governance. Designed for beginners and professionals with no programming background, combining real-world use cases with hands-on labs and an IBM Certificate. |
| AI for Everyone: Master the Basics | A self-paced, four-module starting point covering what AI is, how machine learning and neural networks work, and the ethical questions surrounding AI use. Part of the IBM Applied AI Professional Certificate pathway, requiring no experience and awarding an IBM Certificate on completion. |
| AI Concepts | Builds a working understanding of machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks, alongside applications in NLP, computer vision, speech recognition, and self-driving systems. Designed for professionals, managers, executives, and students, closing with an IBM Certificate confirming core AI literacy. |
| AI Ethics Course | Covers responsible AI use, human oversight, bias mitigation, and data protection through real workplace scenarios. Built for employees, managers, HR teams, and compliance specialists — no technical background required — applying AI governance principles to real organizational decisions. |
| PyTorch: Tensor, Dataset and Data Augmentation | A beginner-friendly first step into PyTorch covering 1D/2D tensor operations, derivatives, dataset creation, and data augmentation techniques like resizing and normalization. Requires only basic Python and sets up the rest of the PyTorch learning path, with a hands-on IBM Certificate. |
| Classification with PyTorch | Teaches learners to build, train, and evaluate classification models using PyTorch through hands-on coding exercises. Part of the broader PyTorch learning path, ideal for students moving from data-handling basics into applied predictive modeling for ML engineering roles. |
| Convolutional Neural Networks with PyTorch | Focuses on real-world image analysis and computer vision using CNNs, covering convolution, max pooling, GPU-accelerated training, and transfer learning with pre-trained networks. Ideal for learners past PyTorch foundations who want deployable computer vision skills. |
| Learn and Build Neural Network with PyTorch | Walks through how PyTorch constructs and optimizes neural networks, covering the theory and practical steps needed to build and deploy deep learning models. Forms the key link in the PyTorch learning path between classification and convolutional neural network coursework. |
| Artificial Intelligence Courses & Programs (Full Catalog) | The complete SkillUp Online catalog of AI courses and professional certificates, from beginner fundamentals through generative AI engineering and applied PyTorch deep learning. The best starting point for comparing every AI learning path and choosing the right sequence for your goals. |
Frequently Asked Questions About AI Courses
What Is the Best Artificial Intelligence Course for Beginners?
The best artificial intelligence course for beginners is one that assumes no prior programming experience, builds Python and statistics fundamentals before introducing machine learning theory, and includes guided, hands-on projects rather than purely theoretical lessons. Look for a course with active instructor or community support, since beginners are most likely to stall out when they get stuck without help.
Which Artificial Intelligence Certification Is Most Valuable?
The most valuable artificial intelligence certification is the one most recognized within your specific target industry and role — a cloud-platform AI certification may carry more weight for cloud engineering roles, while a data-science-focused certificate from a recognized university or industry partner may matter more for analytics-heavy positions. In general, certifications that include hands-on, evaluated projects carry more credibility with U.S. employers than exam-only credentials.
How Long Does It Take to Complete AI Courses Online?
Timelines vary widely by format and depth. A focused introductory course can be completed in four to eight weeks of part-time study. A full certificate program with specialization typically takes three to six months. A masters degree in AI studied part-time alongside a career generally takes two to three years, while a full-time program can often be completed in twelve to eighteen months.
Are Artificial Intelligence Programs Online Worth It?
For most U.S. professionals, yes — the wage premium for AI-related skills has been documented at roughly 56% over comparable non-AI roles, and demand for AI talent has consistently outpaced hiring in most other parts of the technology sector through 2026. The value depends heavily on program quality, however, so the “worth it” calculation should be made program-by-program, not for online AI education as a category.
Can I Pursue a Masters Degree in AI After Certification?
Yes. Many U.S. professionals deliberately start with one or more AI certifications to confirm interest and build foundational skills before committing to the time and cost of a full masters degree in AI. Some graduate programs even accept certain industry certifications as evidence of preparedness, though this varies by institution and should be confirmed directly with each program’s admissions office.